On Sunday, Nov. 5, Daylight Saving Time (DST) officially ends. Clocks will “fall back,” adding an hour of sleep and a return to Standard Time. When DST officially began, which happened this year on March 12, an hour of time was lost.

The long-term effects of sleep deprivation have been well studied and analyzed. For instance, work by Adrian Raine, the Richard Perry University Professor of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, connected daytime drowsiness at age 15 to violence at age 24.

But fourth-year criminology doctoral student Rebecca Umbach wanted to better understand what happens immediately following sleep loss in the short term. Working with Raine and Greg Ridgeway, an associate professor of criminology and statistics, Umbach hypothesized that after a night with an hour less sleep—like what occurs the Monday following Daylight Saving Time—people would become more antagonistic.

“In the spring, the day after we move into Daylight Saving Time, there are more car accidents, greater stock market losses, more workplace injury, reduced test scores, and higher suicide rates,” Ridgeway says.

Their research, however, told a different story: On Mondays after the start of DST, the overall assault rate dropped by about 3 percent, findings the researchers published in the Journal of Experimental Criminology.

“Sleep problems have previously been associated with increased antisocial and criminal behavior, so we were surprised to find that increased sleep was associated with increased offending,” Raine says. “This discrepancy is likely due to the fact that 40 to 60 minutes of lost sleep in one night is just not the same as months, or even years, of poor sleep.”

The researchers also looked at the end of DST, when an hour of sleep is regained. Though they found that assaults rose by about 3 percent the next day—a mirror image of the spring findings—they say their supporting evidence here isn’t as robust. 

Regardless, the researchers say it is challenging to explain why these results occurred. Umbach says it may relate to internal biases.

“You think, ‘If I don’t get a lot of sleep, I’m going to be cranky and angry.’ You assume that’s the way you would react,” she says. “Your intention is to act more aggressively, but your behavior does not reflect that because you’re tired. You’re too lethargic and sleepy to act.”

Daylight Saving Time made for a logical study subject. For one, research has shown that people tend to lose sleep because of the time switch, as opposed to anticipating the shift and going to bed early. Secondly, nearly any other Monday of the year could, in theory, act as a control; to isolate sleep as the explanatory variable—rather than changes in weather or daylight, for example—the Penn researchers chose the Monday the week after each time switch. Finally, a large database called the National Incident-Based Reporting System tracks the time, date, and details of individual crimes for many cities across the country. The researchers supplemented this information with data from New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia.

Though the researchers don’t currently have plans for follow-up research, Raine says anyone who ignores the morning alarm ring might take heed.

“Before we hit that snooze button, perhaps we should stop and think,” he says. “Hit the button and we might end up at least a little grumpier at work, and possibly more aggressive.”

According to NASA, Penn founder Benjamin Franklin is credited with the concept of Daylight Saving Time. In 2018, DST begins on Sunday, March 11.