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‘Rooted in fear’

Two science historians discuss the historical association of disease, shame, and social stigma.
A woman wearing a red cross and a mask over her face illustrates an announcement that says, "To Prevent Influenza!"
A public health announcement taken from a 1918 issue of Illustrated Current News is part of the Mütter Museum’s “Spit Spreads Death” exhibition. (Image: U.S. National Library of Medicine)

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  • A world shaped by water and access
    Three people test water below a sand dam.

    Griffin Pitt, right, works with two other student researchers to test the conductivity, total dissolved solids, salinity, and temperature of water below a sand dam in Kenya.

    (Image: Courtesy of Griffin Pitt)

    A world shaped by water and access

    Griffin Pitt’s upbringing made her passionate about water access and pollution, and Penn has given her the opportunity to explore these issues back home in North Carolina and abroad.

    Oct 8, 2025