By the time Hurricane Ida hit Philadelphia in early September, it had already dropped massive rainfall on parts of the Gulf Coast. As the storm continued north, record-breaking downpours in New York City led to extensive flooding. Then images started to emerge of water rising so high it reached several Philly highway overpasses.
“We had up to eight inches of rainfall that happened with great speed and intensity,” says Howard Neukrug, executive director of The Water Center at the University of Pennsylvania. “The Schuylkill had nowhere to put the water. The Delaware River was also stressed because of the rain, the tides, and sea-level rise, so that water ran off to the only place it could go.”
That is, the Vine Street Expressway, a low-lying part of Interstate 676 originally built to link Interstates 95 and 76. It directly abuts the Schuylkill River.
Though Philly had previously never seen this level of flooding, its occurrence didn’t surprise Neukrug, who is the former commissioner and CEO of Philadelphia Water. “Rainwater is supposed to go into our rivers and streams. That’s nature’s way and that’s how we’ve designed systems in cities,” he says. “But bigger storms and higher sea levels, plus more impervious cover and more people are resulting in something bigger in magnitude than we’ve ever seen before.”
Thanks to climate change, how cities historically addressed such problems won’t work to tackle them in the future. Instead, the idea of urban resilience requires a reimagining, one that incorporates more green infrastructure and nature-based solutions, and accounts for the most vulnerable populations. “We have to start expecting and planning for catastrophic events,” says Eugenie Birch, co-director of the Penn Institute for Urban Research. “We need a big rethink about what it means to be resilient.”
Resilience, defined
In the face of an often-invisible foe like climate change, resilience can be a hard concept to pin down. At its most basic, it describes the ability of a community or business, a city or system to rebound from a difficult situation.
But what that means exactly depends on context, says Matthijs Bouw, an associate professor of practice at the Stuart Weitzman School of Design and co-founder of the design firm One Architecture. For example, bouncing back from the flooding Ida caused in Philadelphia looks very different from doing the same in Manhattan after Superstorm Sandy in 2012. So does protecting each city from future calamities.
“Resilience means thinking about what we can do to create the capacity to change,” Bouw says. “Part of that comes from designing intelligent solutions with multiple benefits. Part of that is reimagining how our institutions work. We need more people at the table to better understand the problems and solutions we can build.”
Until recently, climate change sat mostly on the back burner of this conversation, a gargantuan elephant in the room that all but the most forward-thinking places could disregard. After all, the 100-year-floods and massive storms had materialized only rarely.
But an uptick in severe weather, extensive droughts, and other climate-related events is slowly starting to move the needle. An August 2021 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, the group’s most recent, used its strongest language ever, stating “unequivocally” that human influence caused the atmosphere, oceans, and land to warm and led to “widespread and rapid changes.”
“If climate change doesn’t touch you, it’s hard to grasp and to make the kinds of changes that need to be made,” says Birch, the Lawrence C. Nussdorf Professor of Urban Research & Education in the School of Design. “But in the past two years, we’ve experienced things that no one ever expected. It just shows you how unknown the future is and how important it is to think about being resilient in the broadest sense.”
Green, not gray infrastructure
In the past, that often entailed putting a Band-Aid on existing systems and infrastructure. A city that could no longer handle stormwater got more pumping stations with bigger pumps or bigger drains.
“But we can’t keep building bigger drains,” says Nikhil Anand, an associate professor of anthropology in the School of Arts & Sciences who studies urban water issues. “With the increasing frequency of 100-year-flood events, we don’t even know how big the drains need to be.”
In a city like Mumbai, where Anand has done extensive research, flooding happens regularly. Recently, the intensity and extent has increased, overburdening infrastructure that, at its best, couldn’t adequately drain water into the sea. Sea-level rise has amplified the problem. “Land-use planning has always assumed that a city can be dried, that land can be made dry for habitation,” Anand says. “But many places like Mumbai and New Orleans, they’re always wet.”
He and the other Penn researchers suggest it’s time to move away from retrofitting grey infrastructure, and toward adding green infrastructure. It’s something the City of Philadelphia has already started. As Water Commissioner, Neukrug initiated the city’s Green City Clean Waters program, a 25-year effort that, since 2011, has added 2,800 rain gardens, tree trenches, and other green tools at 800 sites around the city, keeping nearly 3 billion gallons of polluted water from entering the riverways.
Such green tools have other benefits, too, including addressing urban heat and creating nicer streetscapes, Bouw says. “We now also understand the public health benefits, both in terms of physical and mental health,” he adds. “Greening our cities is where many issues—the pandemic and climate and the biodiversity crisis—come together.”
Protecting everyone
The challenge is that such mitigation efforts are expensive, and without community buy-in, they’ll inevitably fail. “People don’t initially understand the necessity of this kind of infrastructure to safeguarding a city,” Birch says. “We have a lot of work to do to convince the public that the infrastructure changes we need will look very different than in the past.”
Bouw saw that firsthand in New York after Sandy. His design team won a competition that sought to better prepare the city for the next superstorm. The project—called The Big U, “basically a protection system around lower Manhattan,” as he describes it—is working closely with the community to ensure a result that’s beneficial, protective, and “attractive at those moments when there is no storm coming.”
“It’s not only resilience infrastructure,” Bouw explains, “but social infrastructure.”
Such community collaboration is a step toward what all four researchers say reimagined resilience efforts must do: protect everyone, including, or perhaps especially, those who are the most vulnerable.
In the next three decades, hundreds of millions of people living in urban poverty will face more extreme temperatures, sea-level rise, water scarcity, and more, according to C40, an international network of cities addressing climate change at the local level. “The poor and marginalized shouldn’t have to bear the costs,” Anand says. “This is design work but it’s also political work. That’s what makes it hard.”
As the pandemic showed once again, the most vulnerable are often hit hardest even by something whose reach shouldn’t, in theory, discriminate. “We need to move forward in a way that’s equitable. It shouldn’t be just the fancy mansions along the waterfront that get rebuilt,” Neukrug says. “We need to look more closely at our communities.”
Easier said than done? Perhaps. But as the brown, sludgy water that reached the overpasses on Philly’s Vine Expressway revealed, there’s no time to waste. Birch believes conversations about green infrastructure and resilience have at last begun in earnest. “It’s an exciting time to be thinking about innovative solutions,” she says. “There’s finally a climate for it.” Pun intended.
Nikhil Anand is an associate professor in the Department of Anthropology in the School of Arts & Sciences.
Eugenie L. Birch is the Lawrence C. Nussdorf Professor of Urban Research & Education in the Department of City and Regional Planning in the Stuart Weitzman School of Design. She is also co-director of the Penn Institute for Urban Research.
Matthijs Bouw is an associate professor of practice in the departments of Graduate Architecture and Landscape Architecture and director of the Certificate in Urban Resilience in the Stuart Weitzman School of Design. He is also co-founder of the design firm One Architecture, a Rockefeller Urban Resilience Fellow, and a McHarg Center Fellow for Risk and Resilience.
Howard Neukrug is executive director of The Water Center at Penn and a professor of practice in the Earth and Environmental Sciences Department in the School of Arts & Sciences. He is also a Penn Institute for Urban Research faculty fellow.
