For the first time, scientists and engineers have observed in real time how two types of nanoparticles made from different materials combine into new composite materials.
The findings, reported by a team led by the University of Pennsylvania and University of Michigan, could help engineers have more control over the assembly of materials that combine the desirable properties of each particle, such as photoluminescence, magnetism, and the ability to conduct electricity.
“Figuring out how these materials react with one another will allow us to build a more comprehensive library of the structures they can form when they combine,” says Christopher Murray, a Penn Integrates Knowledge University Professor with appointments in the School of Arts & Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Science and a senior author of the study published in Nature Synthesis.
The composite structures are a type of binary nanocrystal superlattice and could be used for electronic and optical devices as well as energy production and storage.
“Combining photoluminescent and magnetic nanoparticles, for example, could allow you to change the color of a laser using a magnetic field,” says Emanuele Marino, a co-first author of the paper and a former postdoctoral researcher in the Murray laboratory.
Engineers typically create binary nanocrystal superlattices by mixing nanoparticle building blocks in a solution and letting a droplet of the solution dry. As the droplet shrinks, the particles combine into the desired superstructures. Engineers then hit the crystals with X-rays to see the resulting nanocrystal structures. Each crystal structure scatters X-rays in a unique pattern, which serves as a fingerprint to identify the crystals.
Seeing how those crystals assemble in real time has been a scientific challenge because they form too fast for most X-ray scattering techniques. Without seeing steps leading to the final structure, scientists are left guessing how their nanocrystal mixtures lead to superstructures.
The team created the first real-time X-ray scattering measurements of the superlattices by slowing the assembly process and using faster X-ray scattering techniques with the help of the National Synchrotron Light Source II at Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York.
“The facility’s high X-ray flux and rapid data collection could keep up with the speeds at which the crystals formed,” says Esther Tsai, a staff scientist at the Brookhaven National Laboratory and study co-author.
To slow lattice assembly, the researchers mixed different nanoparticles into an oil emulsion—almost like a magnetic salad dressing—then placed the emulsion in water. The nanoparticle mixture shrank as the oil diffused into the water but much more slowly compared to the conventional air-drying method. After an initial, rapid growth phase that lasts as long as five minutes, the nanocrystals come together by slowly expelling the last of the remaining oil over three to five hours.
Getting eyes on the nascent crystals allowed the University of Michigan team to derive the physics explaining how the lattices formed, modeling the process with computer simulations.
“With temporal information from experiments, we can construct a predictive model that reproduces not just the final structure but the structure's entire assembly pathway,” says Sharon Glotzer of Michigan, a senior author of the study.
The team discovered that binary nanocrystal superlattice assembly occurs through short-range attractions between the nanoparticle building blocks, regardless of the type of nanoparticle used, and “further confirmed that no intermediate phases formed before the final crystal, and the surface of the emulsion droplets did not play a role in forming the crystal,” says Allen LaCour, a Ph.D. graduate from the University of Michigan, and co-first author of the study.
Without other explanatory factors, the simulations concluded that the strength of the nanocrystal interactions is the primary factor that determines superlattice structure in the shrinking droplets. The interaction strength can be changed with the particles' size and electric charge or adding certain elements to the particles.
Christopher B. Murray, a Penn Integrates Knowledge Professor, is the Richard Perry University Professor of Chemistry in the School of Arts & Sciences and the School of Engineering and Applied Science.
Emanuele Marino is a former postdoctoral researcher in the Murray Lab at Penn and currently an assistant professor at the University of Palermo.
Sharon Glotzer is the Anthony C. Lembke Department Chair of Chemical Engineering at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Esther H.R. Tsai is a staff scientist at the Brookhaven National Laboratory Center for Functional Nanomaterials.
Allen Lacour is a Ph.D. graduate of the University of Michigan and currently a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Berkeley.
Other authors are Austin W. Keller, Di An, Shengsong Yang, Daniel J. Rosen, Guillaume Gouget, and Cherie R. Kagan of the University of Pennsylvania; R. Allen LaCour and Timothy C. Moore of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and Sjoerd W. van Dongen and Thomas E. Kodger of Wageningen University.
The research was supported by the National Science Foundation (grants DMR-2019444, MRSEC 1720530, and ACI-1548562 and award DMR 140129), Office of Naval Research (Award ONR N00014-18-1-2497), and National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNR 2021-2022 CUP B79J21038330001).
